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The most widely used type of speaker
today is the dynamic cone speaker.
The figure on the right[1] displays the
component make-up of the speaker.
The dynamic cone speaker uses a permanent magnet in conjunction with an
electro-magnet. The varying potential
of the incoming audio signal causes the magnets to either attract or repel
on another according to the polarity of the audio signal. This moves a rigid
cone to produce variations in the surrounding air pressure, resulting in sound
waves. As can be imagined, the cone must move very rapidly to reproduce audio
signal. The movement of the cone is limited in that it is unable to change
directions instantaneously. This quality of the sound is limited by the
distorting effect of the speaker. This can be measured in what is called
a transient response. A perfect transient response results when a speaker
produces an exact duplicate of the input at the speaker's output. In other
words, if an impulse is applied at the input of the speaker, the output
should
also be an impulse. However, all speakers have a distortion effect on the
signal. The dynamic cone speaker produces a decaying signal when provided
with an impulse. In fact, many of the speakers discussed earlier produce
sound by moving a mass. This limits the sound quality by distorting the
transient response of the speaker. Although some types of speakers still
have good transient responses, it would be ideal to eliminate the mass
associated with the speakers.
The advantage of the ion tweeter is
absence of any type of mass moving mechanism need to produce sound. The
ion speaker takes advantage of the corona discharge effect to produce sound.
The corona discharge effect produces sound much the same way as nature
produces sound through electricity. Imagine a lightning bolt traversing
trough the air,such as the figure at the left. The lighting bolt
suddenly heats the air causing it to
expand. This expansion creates variations in the surrounding air pressure
and creates sound as thunder. The corona works the same way. A high voltage
causes the dielectric breakdown of the air and produces an electric flame.
By modulating the corona, sound is produced. This is an ideal
situation
since no mass is moved to produce the sound. It is emitted by the corona
itself. The lack of mass movement not only improves the transient response
drastically, but it provides an omni directional point source to emit sound.
The conventional speaker is unidirectional. In other words, the transfer
function of the air channel changes as you move away from axis of sound.
With an omni direction point source, the transfer function of the channel is
the same 360 degrees around. No matter where you stand in relation to the
speaker, it will deliver the same clean crisp sound.
[1]
http://www.howstuffworks.com/speaker2.htmThis site offers thorough
explainations on the operation of the Dynamic cone speaker. This site
also offers explations on the mechanics of other stuff.
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