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 Speaker Dynamics  


    The most widely used type of speaker today is the dynamic cone speaker. The figure on the right[1] displays the component make-up of the speaker. The dynamic cone speaker uses a permanent magnet in conjunction with an electro-magnet. The varying potential of the incoming audio signal causes the magnets to either attract or repel on another according to the polarity of the audio signal. This moves a rigid cone to produce variations in the surrounding air pressure, resulting in sound waves. As can be imagined, the cone must move very rapidly to reproduce audio signal. The movement of the cone is limited in that it is unable to change directions instantaneously. This quality of the sound is limited by the distorting effect of the speaker. This can be measured in what is called a transient response. A perfect transient response results when a speaker produces an exact duplicate of the input at the speaker's output. In other words, if an impulse is applied at the input of the speaker, the output should also be an impulse. However, all speakers have a distortion effect on the signal. The dynamic cone speaker produces a decaying signal when provided with an impulse. In fact, many of the speakers discussed earlier produce sound by moving a mass. This limits the sound quality by distorting the transient response of the speaker. Although some types of speakers still have good transient responses, it would be ideal to eliminate the mass associated with the speakers.

     The advantage of the ion tweeter is absence of any type of mass moving mechanism need to produce sound. The ion speaker takes advantage of the corona discharge effect to produce sound. The corona discharge effect produces sound much the same way as nature produces sound through electricity. Imagine a lightning bolt traversing trough the air,such as the figure at the left. The lighting bolt suddenly heats the air causing it to expand. This expansion creates variations in the surrounding air pressure and creates sound as thunder. The corona works the same way. A high voltage causes the dielectric breakdown of the air and produces an electric flame. By modulating the corona, sound is produced. This is an ideal situation since no mass is moved to produce the sound. It is emitted by the corona itself. The lack of mass movement not only improves the transient response drastically, but it provides an omni directional point source to emit sound. The conventional speaker is unidirectional. In other words, the transfer function of the air channel changes as you move away from axis of sound. With an omni direction point source, the transfer function of the channel is the same 360 degrees around. No matter where you stand in relation to the speaker, it will deliver the same clean crisp sound.


[1] http://www.howstuffworks.com/speaker2.htmThis site offers thorough explainations on the operation of the Dynamic cone speaker. This site also offers explations on the mechanics of other stuff.



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